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• Removal of suspended solids below 40 µm is difficult with drum, screen or sand filters due to pore size versus pumping cost limitations. Fixed screens or rotating micro-screens have limited impact below 40 µm. Poor flow capacity leads to high pumping costs and cleaning frequency. Sand filters are hindered by high head loss and frequent maintenance.

• UV or ozone disinfection is expensive due to high energy use.

• Stripping undesirable gases (e.g., CO2, H2S, N2) consumes energy and requires a large space for the stripping chamber. Gases are frequently released in the building housing the RAS raising heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) costs. 

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Each issue above requires specialized equipment that:

• Increases capital equipment costs

• Takes floorspace away from production

• Increases operating costs due to energy

      consumption and increased maintenance.